Highlights of the EASL clinical practice guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis versus the latest Chinese guideline / 临床肝胆病杂志

In 2022, the European Association for the Study of the Liver issued Clinical practice guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis. With reference to the 2017 edition of Role of endoscopy in primary sclerosing cholangitis: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) Clinical Guideline (2017) and in comparison to the corresponding contents in Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis (2021) issued by Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, in 2021, this article summarizes the updates in diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and management of special populations and analyzes the basis for updated recommendations and their guiding significance in optimizing the clinical management of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The comparative analysis shows that the new version of the guidelines is similar to the Chinese guidelines in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, and it is worth learning from the technical details such as the recommended dose of ursodeoxycholic acid and long-term follow-up plan. Since PSC is a chronic refractory disease, the drugs recommended by current guidelines cannot delay or reverse disease progression, and there is still a lack of consensus statements on immunotherapy and screening protocols for end-stage complications, which might be the directions for further research.

¿Es sustentable la aplicación de las guías de práctica clínica en la práctica clínica del mundo real? / Is the application of clinical practice guidelines sustainable in real-world clinical practice?

Las guías de práctica clínica han contribuido a resolver un problema al sintetizar la evidencia y ponerla al alcance del profesional sanitario, pero su desarrollo e implementación creciente en los últimos años ha dado lugar a nuevos inconvenientes que aún no han sido resueltos. En este artículo editorial, la autora repasa cuestiones no tenidas en cuenta por las guías de práctica clínica, incluso aquellas consideradas de buena calidad de acuerdo a los estándares actuales, y reflexiona en especial sobre el uso del tiempo de los médicos en la consulta, aspecto desatendido que atenta contra la sustentabilidad del modelo actual de cuidado propuesto por estas recomendaciones. (AU)

Clinical practice guidelines have contributed to solving a problem by synthesizing the evidence and making it available to healthcare professionals, but their development and increasing implementation in recent years has given rise to new problems that have not yet been resolved. In this editorial article, the author reviews issues not taken into account by clinical practice guidelines, even those considered to be of good quality according to current standards, and reflects inparticular on the use of physicians' time in the consultation, a neglected aspect that undermines the sustainability of the current care model proposed by these recommendations. (AU)

Brazilian Academy of Neurology practice guidelines for stroke rehabilitation: part I / Diretrizes da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia para reabilitação do acidente vascular cerebral: parte I

ABSTRACT The Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation are the result of a joint effort by the Scientific Department of Neurological Rehabilitation of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology aiming to guide professionals involved in the rehabilitation process to reduce functional disability and increase individual autonomy. Members of the group participated in web discussion forums with predefined themes, followed by videoconference meetings in which issues were discussed, leading to a consensus. These guidelines, divided into two parts, focus on the implications of recent clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses in stroke rehabilitation literature. The main objective was to guide physicians, physiotherapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, nurses, nutritionists, and other professionals involved in post-stroke care. Recommendations and levels of evidence were adapted according to the currently available literature. Part I discusses topics on rehabilitation in the acute phase, as well as prevention and management of frequent conditions and comorbidities after stroke.

RESUMO As Diretrizes Brasileiras para Reabilitação do AVC são fruto de um esforço conjunto do Departamento Científico de Reabilitação Neurológica da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia com o objetivo de orientar os profissionais envolvidos no processo de reabilitação para a redução da incapacidade funcional e aumento da autonomia dos indivíduos. Membros do grupo acima participaram de fóruns de discussão na web com pré-temas, seguidos de reuniões por videoconferência em que as controvérsias foram discutidas, levando a um consenso. Essas diretrizes, divididas em duas partes, focam as implicações de recentes ensaios clínicos, revisões sistemáticas e metanálises sobre reabilitação do AVC. O objetivo principal é servir de orientação a médicos, fisioterapeutas, fonoaudiólogos, terapeutas ocupacionais, enfermeiros, nutricionistas e demais profissionais envolvidos no cuidado pós-AVC. As recomendações e níveis de evidência foram adaptados de acordo com a literatura disponível atualmente. Aqui é apresentada a Parte I sobre tópicos de reabilitação na fase aguda, prevenção e tratamento de doenças e comorbidades frequentes após o AVC.

Investigation and analysis of the implementation status of “Diagnosis and therapy guideline of preterm birth (2014)” / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective:To understand the actual situation of the implementation of “Diagnosis and therapy guideline of preterm birth（2014）”, “Guideline” for short, by front-line obstetricians, and to provide reference for the further update and supplement of the “Guideline”.Methods:This study designed a structured questionnaire for the prominent problems in the prevention and treatment of preterm birth, which was determined by the expert team drafting the “Guideline”. In October to November 2021, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among obstetricians, including members of the Perinatal Medicine Branch of Jiangsu Medical Association and the Obstetrics Subgroup,Chinese society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese Medical Association, on the implementation status of the “Guideline”. The recommendations of the “Guideline” were used as standard answers to determine the implementation rate. A total of 328 valid questionnaires were collected. The total score of the questionnaire was 12 points. The questionnaire was divided into low executive ability group (<7 points) and high executive ability group (≥7 points) with a score of 7 as the threshold value, and the differences in baseline information such as hospital grade and professional title between the two groups were compared.Results:The score of 328 obstetricians was (7.6±1.6) points, including 250 (76.2%, 250/328) in the high execution group and 78 (23.8%, 78/328) in the low execution group. The execution rates of “the use of uterine contraction inhibitors for short courses”[97.0% (318/328)], “late umbilical cord breakage after birth of premature infants”[87.8% (288/328)] and “should preterm patients with intact membranes be treated with antibiotics”[86.6% (284/328)] were all over 80%, indicating good implementation. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that hospital grade and professional title were independent factors influencing the performance of the “Guideline”(all P<0.05), and secondary hospitals had lower scores and worse execution than tertiary hospitals ( OR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.23-0.77; P=0.005). Senior titles had higher scores and better execution than junior titles ( OR=5.33, 95% CI: 2.35-12.07; P<0.001). When answering the question “gestational week at which premature infants could survive in your hospital”, only 3.4% (11/328) answered 22 weeks, and 44.5% (146/328) answered 28 weeks, accounted for the highest proportion. The gestational week of surviving premature infants in tertiary hospitals was earlier than that in secondary hospitals ( P<0.05). The gestational week of surviving premature infants answered by senior titles was earlier than that of junior titles ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Obstetricians generally have a good implementation of the “Guideline”, and their understanding of some recommended clauses in the guidelines needs to be improved. In the future, training of primary hospitals and physicians with junior titles should be strengthened.

An excerpt of the EASL clinical practice guidelines on haemochromatosis / 临床肝胆病杂志

In March 2022, EASL released a new version of the clinical practice guidelines on haemochromatosis. Haemochromatosis is characterized by elevated transferrin saturation (TSAT) and progressive iron overload mainly involving the liver, and early diagnosis and venesection can prevent liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, diabetes, arthritis, and other complications. For patients with p.Cys282Tyr homozygous mutation of the hemochromatosis gene HFE , haemochromatosis can be diagnosed if serum iron parameters show TSAT > 45% and ferritin > 200 μg/L in female patients, or TSAT > 50% and ferritin > 300 μg/L in male patients and postmenopausal female patients. If a patient has elevated TSAT and ferritin and belongs to other HFE genotypes, magnetic resonance or liver biopsy is needed to confirm iron overload in the liver. Liver fibrosis stage and damage to other organs should be carefully assessed at the time of diagnosis, which will help to determine management strategies. Hepatocellular carcinoma should be screened for patients with progressive liver fibrosis. The goal of venesection is to achieve ferritin < 50 μg/L during the induction stage and ferritin < 100 μg/L during the maintenance stage.

Extração de recomendações farmacológicas para subsidiar o processo de adaptação de guias de prática clínica utilizados no tratamento da fibrilação atrial não valvar - uma revisão sistemática de guias de prática clínica / Extraction of pharmacological recommendations to support the process of adaptation of clinical practice guides used in the treatment of non-valvular atrial fibrillation a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines

A fibrilação atrial (FA) não valvar é a arritmia cardíaca mais comum em adultos, principalmente na população idosa. Para o tratamento da FA, recomenda-se a utilização de guias de prática clínica (GPCs), que são documentos que apresentam as melhores e mais atualizadas evidências para o tratamento dos pacientes acometidos por essa arritmia. Todavia, o processo de desenvolvimento dos GPCs requer recursos humanos, financeiros e tempo. Assim, a adaptação dos referidos documentos é uma opção para reduzir a duplicação de esforços e possibilitar sua adequação para uso local. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma matriz de recomendações farmacológicas para subsidiar o processo de adaptação de GPCs utilizados no tratamento da fibrilação atrial não valvar. Para tanto, aplicou-se o método ADAPTE: revisão sistematizada de GPCs, avaliação e seleção dos GPCs de qualidade e elaboração da matriz. Foram considerados elegíveis 26 GPCs com recomendações farmacológicas para assistência primária da fibrilação atrial não valvar em adultos, publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português no período de abril de 2014 a abril de 2019 e indexados às bases de referência: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library e em 12 bases de dados específicas. A qualidade dos GPCs, foi avaliada pela aplicação do instrumento Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluarion II (AGREE II), sendo considerados de alta qualidade aqueles que apresentaram nota igual ou superior a 60 % no domínio Rigor de desenvolvimento. Todas as etapas foram realizadas por, pelo menos, 2 avaliadores e em caso de discrepância, um terceiro avaliador participou do processo. Dos 26 GPCs avaliados apenas 7 (26,9%) foram considerados de alta qualidade. A maioria dos GPCs utiliza o escore CHA2DS2-VASc, que indica a profilaxia tromboembólica em pacientes com FA não valvar a partir da pontuação 1 (fator de risco não sexual) e sugere a anticoagulação com anticoagulantes de ação direta. Houve pouca ênfase à complexidade da profilaxia de eventos tromboembólicos em idosos. Esta matriz visa contribuir para que sejam realizadas discussões e adaptações de GPCs destinado ao tratamento da FA não valvar com ênfase nas demandas e necessidades locais

Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in adults, especially in the elderly population. For the treatment of AF, the use of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is recommended, which are documents that present the best and most up-to-date evidence for the treatment of patients who are affected by this arrhythmia. However, the CPGs development process requires human, financial and time resources. However, the adaptation of documents is an option to reduce the duplication of efforts and make it possible to adapt them for any local use. The objective of this work was to elaborate a matrix of pharmacological treatment to support the process of adaptation of CPGs used in the treatment of non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Therefore, the ADAPTE method was applied: systematic review of CPGs, evaluation and selection of quality CPGs and matrix definition. Twenty-six CPGs were considered eligible with pharmacological recommendations for primary care of non-valvular atrial fibrillation valid in adults, published in English, Spanish or Portuguese from April 2014 to April 2019 and indexed to the following reference databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and in 12 specific databases. The quality of the CPGs was assessed by applying the Assessment of Guidelines for Research and Assessment II (AGREE II) instrument, being considered of high those who had a grade equal to or greater than 60% in the domain Rigour of development. All steps were performed by a least 2 evaluators and in case of discrepancy, a third evaluator participated in the process. Of the 26 CPGs evaluated, only 7 (26.9%) were considered to be of high quality. Most CPGs use the CHA2DS2-VASc score, which indicates thromboembolic prophylaxis in patients with non-valvular AF from score 1 (non-sexual risk factor), and suggest anticoagulation with direct-acting anticoagulants. There was little emphasis on the complexity of prophylaxis for thromboembolic events in the elderly. This matrix aims to contribute to discussion and adaptations of CPGs for the treatment of non-valvar AF with the emphasis on local demands and needs

Preventing Rh alloimmunization during pregnancy: interpretation of clinical guidelines / 中华围产医学杂志

Rh alloimmunization can lead to serious fetal complications, such as hemolysis, anemia, edema, and even intrauterine death. However, there is no domestic clinical guideline for prophylaxis and management of Rh alloimmunization. This review aims to interpret the key points from international clinical guidelines, consisting of the timing of routine antibody screening and anti-Rh(D) immunoglobulin prophylaxis strategies for Rh-negative pregnant women, possible sensitization events and anti-D prophylaxis of Rh alloimmunization, and postpartum prophylaxis for unsensitized Rh-negative pregnant women.

Early recognition and management of sepsis during pregnancy and puerperium / 中华围产医学杂志

Sepsis and septic shock are obstetric emergencies, which bring clinical issues for obstetricians to pay attention to, such as early identification and emergency intervention before transferring the patients to intensive care. Physiological changes during pregnancy and puerperium result in difficulty in identifying the clinical features of sepsis. Simple bedside screening tools can be used for early identification and screening for possible sepsis. If initial sepsis screening is positive with suspected or evidence of infection, regardless of the presence of fever, further evaluation of organ damage is required for the diagnosis of sepsis. Bundle therapy should be initiated within 1 h after the identification of sepsis: For pregnant women or puerpera with suspected or confirmed sepsis, bacterial culture (blood, urine, respiratory tract, and other body fluids) and serum lactate level detection should be conducted promptly, moreover, empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics given within 1 h are recommended; For patients with sepsis complicated by hypotension or organ hypoperfusion, it is recommended to administer 1-2 L crystal solution as soon as possible for liquid resuscitation; For those with persistent hypotension and/or organ hypoperfusion despite fluid resuscitation, vasopressors are recommended to maintain mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), with norepinephrine as the first-line vasopressor. When sepsis is suspected or confirmed, the focus of infection should be actively sought to effectively control the source. Termination of pregnancy should be considered individually and comprehensively on the basis of obstetric indications, gestational age, and maternal and fetal conditions, but not depend on sepsis alone. If intrauterine infection is confirmed, pregnancy should be terminated immediately. Cesarean delivery usually requires general anesthesia for pregnant women with sepsis and intraspinal anesthesia is relatively contraindicated. The diagnosis and treatment of sepsis in pregnancy and puerperium should be individualized in accordance with the corresponding guidelines.

Clinical practice guideline for prevention and management of perineal tear during vaginal delivery / 中华围产医学杂志

Perineal tear is a common complication of vaginal delivery and will seriously affect the quality of life of these women, if is severe. Given to there was no evidence-based clinical guideline for the prevention and management of perineal tear in China, this evidence-based guideline was developed, based on the methods of WHO handbook for guideline development. Systematic reviews were conducted according to the Cochrane handbook and GRADE was used to assess the quality and certainty of the evidence. Detailed recommendations are provided for 19 clinical questions in the prevention and management of perineal laceration, aiming to guide clinical practice and improve the quality of life of this group of women.

Atualização das recomendações da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cuidados Intensivos e do Grupo de Infeção e Sépsis para a abordagem da COVID-19 em Medicina Intensiva / Update of the recommendations of the Sociedade Portuguesa de Cuidados Intensivos and the Infection and Sepsis Group for the approach to COVID-19 in Intensive Care Medicine

RESUMO Introdução: A Sociedade Portuguesa de Cuidados Intensivos e o Grupo de Infeção e Sépsis emitiram previamente recomendações visando à organização dos serviços de saúde e ao manejo dos doentes críticos com COVID-19. Em virtude da evolução do conhecimento, o painel de peritos voltou a se organizar para rever a atual evidência e emitir recomendações atualizadas. Métodos: Foi reunido um painel nacional de peritos que declararam não ter conflitos de interesse para o desenvolvimento das recomendações. Foram desenvolvidas perguntas operacionais conforme a metodologia PICO, e foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática rápida por meio da consulta de diferentes fontes bibliográficas. O painel determinou a direção e a força das recomendações com a utilização de duas rodadas de um método Delphi, conduzido seguindo princípios do sistema GRADE. Uma recomendação forte recebeu a redação "recomenda-se", e uma recomendação fraca foi redigida como "sugere-se". Resultados: Foram emitidas 48 recomendações e 30 sugestões abrangendo os seguintes tópicos: diagnóstico de infecção por SARS-CoV-2, coinfecção e superinfecção; critérios de admissão, cura e suspensão de isolamento; organização dos serviços; Equipamentos de Proteção Individual; terapêuticas de suporte respiratório e outras e terapêuticas específicas (antivirais, imunomodeladores e anticoagulação). Conclusão: Essas recomendações, especificamente orientadas para a realidade portuguesa, mas que podem se aplicar também aos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa e ao Timor-Leste, visam apoiar os profissionais de saúde no manejo de doentes críticos com COVID-19. Pretende-se que sejam constantemente revistas, de modo a refletir o avanço de nossa compreensão e o da terapêutica dessa patologia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Sociedade Portuguesa de Cuidados Intensivos and the Infection and Sepsis Group have previously issued health service and management recommendations for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Due to the evolution of knowledge, the panel of experts was again convened to review the current evidence and issue updated recommendations. Methods: A national panel of experts who declared that they had no conflicts of interest regarding the development of the recommendations was assembled. Operational questions were developed based on the PICO methodology, and a rapid systematic review was conducted by consulting different bibliographic sources. The panel determined the direction and strength of the recommendations using two Delphi rounds, conducted in accordance with the principles of the GRADE system. A strong recommendation received the wording "is recommended", and a weak recommendation was written as "is suggested." Results: A total of 48 recommendations and 30 suggestions were issued, covering the following topics: diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, coinfection and superinfection; criteria for admission, cure and suspension of isolation; organization of services; personal protective equipment; and respiratory support and other specific therapies (antivirals, immunomodulators and anticoagulation). Conclusion: These recommendations, specifically oriented to the Portuguese reality but that may also apply to Portuguese-speaking African countries and East Timor, aim to support health professionals in the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19. They will be continuously reviewed to reflect the progress of our understanding and the treatment of this pathology.

Colangite aguda: da tríade de Charcot aos critérios de Tóquio / Acute cholangitis: from Charcot's triad to Tokyo guidelines

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar as ferramentas diagnósticas e de manejo da colangite aguda, da tríade de Charcot aos critérios de Tóquio. Foi realizada revisão da literatura no PubMed® utili- zando a combinação dos descritores "Tokyo Guideline", "Char- cot's triad" e "Acute cholangitis". A tríade de Charcot foi a pri- meira ferramenta diagnóstica da colangite aguda. Apesar de sua contribuição, foram os critérios de Tóquio a primeira diretriz com evidência clínica para diagnóstico, classificação de severidade e estratégia para o manejo da colangite aguda. A literatura atual busca identificar marcadores de mau prognóstico do paciente, como a procalcitonina, assim como o tempo ideal para a terapia antibiótica e a drenagem biliar. É bem estabelecido o quanto a tríade de Charcot, juntamente dos critérios de Tóquios, contri- buiu para o melhor diagnóstico e manejo da colangite aguda. Todavia, mais estudos são necessários para validação científica dessas diretrizes na prática clínica-cirúrgica.

The objective of this study was to review acute cholangitis diag- nostic and management tools, from Charcot's triad to Tokyo guidelines. The keywords "Tokyo guideline", "Charcot's triad", and "Acute cholangitis" were searched in PUBMED® and used to review the literature. Charcot's triad was the first diagnostic tool in acute cholangitis. Despite its contribution, Tokyo guidelines were the first evidence-based parameters for diagnosis, severity assessment, and strategy for acute cholangitis management. The current literature searches for biomarkers of patient's bad prognostic, such as procalcitonin, as well the optimal timing of antibiotic therapy and biliary drainage. The good contribution Charcot's triad and Tokyo guidelines has made to improved diagnosis and management of acute cholangitis is well-esta- blished. However, further studies are required for scientific vali- dation of these guidelines in clinical-surgical practice.

Barriers to implementing guideline recommendations to improve childbirth care: a rapid review of evidence / Obstáculos a la aplicación de las recomendaciones para la atención del parto normal: revisión rápida de evidencia / Barreiras à implementação de recomendações para assistência ao parto normal: revisão rápida de evidências

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify potential barriers to the implementation of the National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil based on the best available global evidence. Method. A rapid review of evidence was performed in six databases in March/April 2019. Secondary studies published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese with a focus on barriers of any nature relating to the implementation of the Guidelines were retrieved. Results. Twenty-three documents (21 reviews and two practice guides) were included in the review. The barriers identified were grouped into 52 meaning categories and then reorganized into nine thematic clusters: delivery and childbirth care model, human resource management, knowledge and beliefs, gender relations, health care service management, attitudes and behaviors, communication, socioeconomic conditions, and political interests. Conclusions. The results show that combined approaches may be required to address different barriers to the implementation of the Guidelines. For successful implementation, it is essential to engage health care leaders, professionals, and users in the effort to change the delivery and childbirth care model. Also necessary is the development of intersectoral initiatives to improve the socioeconomic conditions of women and families and to curtail gender inequalities.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar los posibles obstáculos a la aplicación de las recomendaciones formuladas en las Directrices Nacionales para la Atención del Parto Normal en Brasil a partir de la mejor evidencia disponible a nivel mundial. Métodos. Entre marzo y abril de 2019 se llevó a cabo una revisión rápida de seis bases de datos. Se seleccionaron estudios secundarios publicados en español, inglés o portugués sobre los obstáculos de cualquier tipo que pudieran estar relacionados con la aplicación de las recomendaciones contenidas en las Directrices. Resultados. Se incluyeron 23 documentos (21 revisiones sistemáticas y 2 guías de práctica clínica). Los obs- táculos identificados se agruparon en 52 categorías con base en su semejanza de significado y luego se reorganizaron en nueve grupos temáticos: modelo de atención del parto, gestión de recursos humanos, cre-encias y conocimientos, relaciones de género, gestión de servicios de salud, actitudes y comportamientos, comunicación, condiciones socioeconómicas e intereses políticos. Conclusiones. La aplicación de las Directrices puede requerir enfoques combinados para hacer frente a diferentes obstáculos. La participación de los administradores y los trabajadores de la salud en el proceso de cambio del modelo de atención del parto, así como la participación de los usuarios, son fundamentales para que la aplicación de las Directrices sea satisfactoria. Además, se necesitan medidas intersectoriales para mejorar las condiciones socioeconómicas de las mujeres y las familias y para combatir las desigualdades entre los géneros.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar potenciais barreiras à implementação das recomendações das Diretrizes Nacionais de Assistência ao Parto Normal a partir das melhores evidências globais disponíveis. Métodos. Realizou-se uma revisão rápida com consulta a seis bases de dados em março/abril de 2019. Foram selecionados estudos secundários publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português sobre barreiras de qualquer natureza que pudessem ser relacionadas à implementação das recomendações das Diretrizes. Resultados. Foram incluídos 23 documentos (21 revisões sistemáticas e dois guias de prática clínica). As barreiras identificadas foram agrupadas em 52 categorias por semelhança de significado e, em seguida, reorganizadas em nove núcleos temáticos: modelo de atenção ao parto e nascimento, gestão de recursos humanos, crenças e saberes, relações de gênero, gestão de serviços de saúde, atitudes e comportamentos, comunicação, condições socioeconômicas e interesses políticos. Conclusões. Os resultados mostraram que a implementação das Diretrizes pode requerer abordagens combinadas para o enfrentamento de diferentes barreiras. O engajamento de gestores e profissionais de saúde no processo de mudança do modelo de atenção ao parto e nascimento e o envolvimento de usuários são indispensáveis para o sucesso da implementação. São necessárias, ainda, ações intersetoriais para melhorar as condições socioeconômicas de mulheres e famílias e para combater as iniquidades de gênero.

Manejo de la Cetoacidosis Diabética en un hospital universitario de Montevideo en el período Junio - Setiembre de 2015

Resumen: Introducción: La cetoacidosis diabética es una complicación aguda frecuente y seria de la diabetes mellitus, suponiendo 5% de su mortalidad. Existe evidencia internacional que la adherencia a las guías de tratamiento de la cetoacidosis diabética, disminuye su morbimortalidad y que no existe un cumplimiento riguroso de dichas guías. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la adecuación a las pautas de tratamiento de la cetoacidosis diabética de la American Diabetes Association, en la puerta de emergencia. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo del tratamiento realizado en la emergencia de un Hospital universitario de Montevideo a los pacientes con diagnóstico de cetoacidosis diabética, entre junio y setiembre de 2015. Se comparó la terapéutica aplicada con el protocolo de manejo propuesto por la American Diabetes Association en 2009. Resultados: Un total de 17 casos fueron incluidos en el análisis. El diagnóstico fue correcto en 9 pacientes, el tratamiento en la primera hora fue completo en 7 pacientes y la monitorización paraclínica en las primeras 6 horas fue completa en 3 pacientes. Conclusión: Se evidenció adecuación aceptable a las guías en la mayoría de los casos.

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetic ketoacidosis is a frequent and serious acute complication of diabetes mellitus, accounting for 5% of its mortality. There is international evidence that adherence to the treatment guidelines for diabetic ketoacidosis decreases its morbidity and mortality and that there is no rigorous compliance with these guidelines. The objective of the study was to evaluate the adequacy of the diabetic ketoacidosis treatment guidelines of the American Diabetes Association, at the emergency door. Methodology: A descriptive observational study was carried out on the treatment carried out in the emergency room of a Montevideo university hospital for patients diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis, between June and September 2015. The applied therapy was compared with the management protocol proposed by the American Diabetes Association in 2009. Results: A total of 17 cases were included in the analysis. The diagnosis was correct in 9 patients, the treatment in the first hour was complete in 7 patients and the paraclinical monitoring in the first 6 hours was complete in 3 patients. Conclusion: Acceptable adequacy to the guidelines was evidenced in most cases.

Resumo: Introdução: A cetoacidose diabética é uma complicação aguda frequente e grave do diabetes mellitus, sendo responsável por 5% de sua mortalidade. Há evidências internacionais de que a adesão às diretrizes de tratamento para cetoacidose diabética diminui sua morbidade e mortalidade e que não há conformidade rigorosa com essas diretrizes. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a adequação das diretrizes de tratamento da cetoacidose diabética da American Diabetes Association, na porta de emergência. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo sobre o tratamento realizado no pronto-socorro de um hospital universitário de Montevidéu para pacientes com diagnóstico de cetoacidose diabética, entre junho e setembro de 2015. A terapia aplicada foi comparada com o protocolo de manejo proposto pela American Diabetes Association em 2009. Resultados: Um total de 17 casos foram incluídos na análise. O diagnóstico foi correto em 9 pacientes, o tratamento na primeira hora foi completo em 7 pacientes e o monitoramento paraclínico nas primeiras 6 horas foi completo em 3 pacientes. Conclusão: A adequação aceitável às diretrizes foi evidenciada na maioria dos casos.

Interpretation of an evidence-based guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of demyelinating optic neuritis in China (2021) / 中华眼底病杂志

The first edition of "The Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of optic neuritis" have been published in Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology in 2014. Seven years later, more evidence-based medicine has been accumulated in the treatment of optic neuritis. It is necessary to update or formulate guidelines to guide clinical practice. Based on the methods and procedures for developing evidence -based guidelines, Neuro-Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and Evidence-based Medicine Centre of Lanzhou University/World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Guideline Implementation and Knowledge Translation created the first "An evidence-based guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of demyelinating optic neuritis in China (2021)" , which aimed to improve the level of clinical diagnosis and treatments of demyelinating optic neuritis. This guideline proposes a new subtype classification of demyelinating optic neuritis to guide precision treatment. It also gives new suggestions about clinical treatment hotspots in the acute and chronic phases, including the application of immunosuppressants and rituximab and other biological agents.

Reflections on development of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists clinical practice guidelines and clinical consensus methodology for development of Chinese guidelines in obstetrics and gynecology / 中华围产医学杂志

This article introduces two methodological articles published by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in September 2021 on their development of clinical practice guidelines and clinical expert consensus, focusing on the composition of the guidelines committee, declaration and management of conflicts of interest, and the detailed development process. On this basis, reflections and suggestions for the development of guidelines and consensus in obstetrics and gynecology in China are presented from the perspective of developing a handbook for standardized guideline development, registration and reporting of guidelines, use of available evidence, management of conflicts of interest, and regular evaluations of relevant published guidelines.

Microbiota intestinal, prebióticos, probióticos e simbióticos em doenças gastrointestinais e hepáticas: procedimentos de reunião conjunta da Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH), Núcleo Brasileiro de Estudos do Helicobacter pylori e Microbiota (NBEHPM) e Federação Brasileira de Gastroenterologia (FBG) / Gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in gastrointestinal and liver diseases: proceedings of a joint meeting of the brazilian society of hepatology (sbh), brazilian nucleus for the study of helicobacter pylori and microbiota (nbehpm), and brazilian federation of gastroenterology (fbg)

ABSTRACT Over the last years, there is growing evidence that microorganisms are involved in the maintenance of our health and are related to various diseases, both intestinal and extraintestinal. Changes in the gut microbiota appears to be a key element in the pathogenesis of hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea. In 2019, the Brazilian Society of Hepatology (SBH) in cooperation with the Brazilian Nucleus for the Study of Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota (NBEHPM), and Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology (FBG) sponsored a joint meeting on gut microbiota and the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the aforementioned meeting. It is intended to provide practical information about this topic, addressing the latest discoveries and indicating areas for future studies.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos, um volume crescente de evidências indica que os microrganismos estão envolvidos na manutenção da saúde humana e também estão relacionados a várias doenças, tanto intestinais quanto extraintestinais. Alterações na microbiota intestinal parecem ser um elemento chave na patogênese de doenças hepáticas e gastrointestinais, incluindo doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica, doença hepática alcoólica, cirrose hepática, doenças inflamatórias intestinais, síndrome do intestino irritável e diarreia associada ao Clostridium difficile. Em 2019, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH) em colaboração com o Núcleo Brasileiro para Estudo do Helicobacter pylori e Microbiota (NBEHPM) e a Federação Brasileira de Gastroenterologia (FBG) realizaram um encontro exclusivamente voltado para a discussão sobre microbiota e uso de prebióticos, probióticos e simbióticos em doenças hepáticas e gastrointestinais. Este texto resume os principais pontos discutidos durante o evento, e tem a intenção de fornecer informações práticas sobre o assunto, abordando as descobertas mais recentes e indicando áreas para estudos futuros.

Quality of clinical practice guidelines approved in Peru between 2015 and 2017 / Calidad de las guías de práctica clínica aprobadas en Perú entre 2015 y 2017

Abstract Introduction: The diagnosis and management of patients with the same medical condition may vary significantly depending on the treating physician. Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are used to reduce this variation and to promote evidence-based management in clinical practice. Objectives: To describe the characteristics of the CPGs adopted by public health institutions in Peru from July 2015 to September 2017. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. The following quality criteria were assessed in each CPG: the panel of experts responsible for the development of the CPG; protocols regarding the evidence identification, collection and assessment systems; and the level of evidence supporting each recommendation. Results: 558 CPGs were included, of which 65.8% did not provide information on having an explicit author or only listed one author. In addition, 81.5% did not have citations, nor a reference list, and 97.7% did not clearly provide supporting evidence on how the recommendations were reached. Conclusions: Most of the CPGs did not meet the quality criteria assessed in the present study, thus it is necessary to improve the skills of Peruvian health professionals to develop quality CPGs that adjust to their local context.

Resumen Introducción. El diagnóstico y el manejo de pacientes con la misma condición médica pueden variar de manera significativa de profesional a profesional. Una manera de controlar esta variación y promover un manejo basado en evidencias es mediante el uso de guías de práctica clínica (GPC). Objetivos. Describir las características de las GPC aprobadas por entidades públicas de salud de Perú entre julio de 2015 y setiembre de 2017. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo donde se evaluaron los siguientes criterios de calidad de las GPC: panel de expertos que elaboró la guía; protocolos respecto a los sistemas de identificación, recogida y evaluación de la evidencia, y nivel de evidencia que sustenta cada recomendación. Resultados. Se incluyeron 558 GPC, de las cuales 65.8% no contaba con autor explícito o solo describía un autor y no una lista, 81.5% no contaba con citas ni referencias bibliográficas y 97.7% no sustentaba de forma clara la elaboración de sus recomendaciones. Conclusiones. La mayoría de las GPC no cumplieron los criterios de calidad evaluados en el presente estudio, por tanto es necesario mejorar las habilidades de los profesionales de la salud en Perú para elaborar GPC de calidad.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética y edema macular diabético: guía de práctica clínica del Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud) / Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: clinical practice guidelines of the Peruvian Health Social Security (EsSalud)

RESUMEN Introducción. El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética y el edema macular diabético en el Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo. Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética y el edema macular diabético en EsSalud. Métodos. Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 4 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Para cada una de estas preguntas se realizó búsquedas de revisiones sistemáticas y de estudios primarios (cuando se consideró pertinente) en PubMed durante el 2018. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buena práctica clínica y el flujograma de manejo. Resultados. La presente GPC abordó 4 preguntas clínicas sobre el tamizaje, diagnóstico, tratamiento de elección y tratamiento adyuvante. En base a estas preguntas se formularon 6 recomendaciones (4 fuertes y 2 condicionales), 19 puntos de buena práctica clínica y 1 flujograma de manejo. Conclusión. El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencias de la GPC para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética y el edema macular diabético en EsSalud.

ABSTRACT Introduction. This article summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema of the Health Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). Objective. To provide clinical recommendations based on evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in EsSalud. Methods. A guidelines elaborating group (GEG) was conformed by medical specialists and methodologists. The GEG formulated 4 clinical questions intended to be answered by this CPG. For each of these questions systematic searches of systematic reviews and primary studies (when considered pertinent) were carried out in PubMed during 2018. Evidence was selected in order to reply each of the proposed clinical questions. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. During periodic working meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, points of good clinical practice and the management flowchart. Results. The present CPG addressed 4 clinical questions of four topics: screening, diagnosis, treatment of choice and adjuvant treatment. Based on these questions, 6 recommendations (4 strong and 2 conditional), 19 points of good clinical practice, and 1 management flowchart were formulated. Conclusion. This article summarizes the methodology and conclusions based on evidence from the CPG for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in EsSalud.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la etapa aguda del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico: Guía de práctica clínica del Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Diagnosis and therapy for the acute stage of ischemic cerebrovascular accident: A clinical practice guideline from Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

RESUMEN Objetivo: proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la etapa aguda del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico en EsSalud. Materiales y métodos: se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 8 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y -cuando fue considerado pertinente- estudios primarios en Medline y Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials durante el 2018. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas y el flujograma de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 128-IETSI-ESSALUD-2019. Resultados: la presente GPC abordó 8 preguntas clínicas, divididas en cuatro temas: tamizaje, diagnóstico, tratamiento, soporte y rehabilitación. En base a estas preguntas se formularon 28 recomendaciones (8 fuertes y 20 condicionales), 38 puntos de buena práctica clínica, 1 nota de implementación y 2 flujogramas. Conclusión: el presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencias de la GPC para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la etapa aguda del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico en EsSalud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to provide evidence based clinical recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of the acute stage of ischemic cerebrovascular accident in EsSalud. Materials and methods : a group for producing the guideline was conveyed, including specialized physicians and methodologists. The group prepared 8 clinical questions to be answered by the guideline. Systematic searches of previous reviews were performed, and - when it was deemed necessary - primary studies in Medline and the Cochrane Controlled Registry of Trials for 2018 were reviewed. Evidence was selected aiming to respond each one of the proposed clinical questions. Certainty of the evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work sessions, the group used GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and generated recommendations, good clinical practice items, and designed flow charts for both diagnosis and therapy. Finally, the guide was approved with the decree N° 128-IETSI-ESSALUD-2019. Results : this clinical practice guideline focused in 8 clinical questions, which were divided into four topics: screening, diagnosis, therapy, support and rehabilitation. On the basis of these questions, 28 recommendations were formulated (8 strong and 20 conditional), 38 items for good clinical practice, 1 implementation note, and 2 flow charts. Conclusion : this paper summarizes both evidence based methodology and conclusions from a new clinical practice guide for diagnosis and therapy of the acute stage of a cerebrovascular accident in EsSalud.

Avaliação da qualidade metodológica de diretrizes de vigilância e manejo clínico de dengue e chikungunya / Methodological quality assessment of guidelines for surveillance and clinical management of dengue and chikungunya / Evaluación de la calidad metodológica de directrices de vigilancia y manejo clínico del dengue y chikungunya

Resumo: A pesquisa objetivou avaliar a qualidade metodológica de diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde brasileiro, da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) sobre vigilância e manejo clínico de dengue e chikungunya. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, no qual a ferramenta Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Reporting Checklist II (AGREE II) foi aplicada por quatro avaliadores, de forma independente e mascarada, para seis diretrizes. Cada avaliador atribuiu um escore de 1 (discordo totalmente) a 7 (concordo completamente) aos 23 itens dos domínios do AGREE II: escopo e propósito; envolvimento das partes interessadas; rigor no desenvolvimento; clareza da apresentação; aplicabilidade e independência editorial. As diretrizes de dengue da OPAS (média = 5,2, DP = 0,8) e da OMS (média = 4,5, DP = 0,5) obtiveram maiores pontuações globais, sendo recomendadas com modificações por todos os avaliadores, e a do Ministério da Saúde (média = 2,7, DP = 0,4) não foi recomendada por um deles. Já as pontuações das diretrizes de chikungunya foram baixas (médias variando de 2,2 a 3,0) independentemente do órgão que as elaborou. Os domínios com maior conformidade foram "clareza da apresentação" (mediana de 84,7%) e "escopo e propósito" (77,1%), e os de menor conformidade foram "independência editorial" (5,2%) e "rigor no desenvolvimento" (9,1%). O estudo identificou lacunas na qualidade metodológica das diretrizes relacionadas, principalmente, à transparência nos processos de busca, seleção das evidências científicas e formulação das recomendações, além de falta de clareza quanto ao financiamento e possíveis conflitos de interesses.

Abstract: The study aimed to assess the methodological quality of guidelines by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and World Health Organization (WHO) on surveillance and clinical management of dengue and chikungunya. This was a descriptive study in which the tool Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Reporting Checklist II (AGREE II) was applied by four evaluators in independent and masked fashion for six guidelines. Each evaluator assigned a score from 1 (disagree completely) to 7 (agree completely) to the 23 items in the AGREE II domains: scope and purpose; stakeholder involvement; rigor in the development; clarity of presentation; applicability; and editorial independence. The dengue guidelines by PAHO (mean = 5.2, SD = 0.8) and WHO (mean = 4.5, SD = 0.5) obtained the highest overall scores and were recommended with modifications by all the evaluators, while the Brazilian Ministry of Health guidelines (mean = 2.7, SD = 0.4) were not recommended by any of them. Meanwhile, the chikungunya guidelines scored low (means from 2.2 to 3.0) for all three agencies. The domains with the greatest conformity were "clarity of presentation" (median 84.7%) and "scope and purpose" (77.1%), while those with the lowest conformity were "editorial independence" (5.2%) and "rigor in development" (9.1%). The study identified gaps in the guidelines' methodological quality, mainly in transparency of the work processes, selection of scientific evidence, and formulation of recommendations, besides lack of clarity in financing and possible conflicts of interest.

Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la calidad metodológica de las directrices del Ministerio de Salud (MS) brasileño, de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPAS) y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sobre vigilancia y manejo clínico del dengue y chikungunya. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, en el cual la herramienta Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Reporting Checklist II (AGREE II) fue aplicada por parte de cuatro evaluadores, de forma independiente y oculta, en seis directrices. Cada evaluador atribuyó una puntuación de 1 (en desacuerdo totalmente) a 7 (concuerdo completamente) a los 23 ítems de los dominios del AGREE II: alcance y propósito; implicando las partes interesadas; rigor en el desarrollo; claridad de la presentación; aplicabilidad e independencia editorial. Las directrices del dengue de la OPAS (media = 5,2, DP = 0,8) y OMS (media = 4,5, DP = 0,5) obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones globales, siendo recomendadas con modificaciones por todos los evaluadores, respecto a las del Ministerio de Salud (media = 2,7, DP = 0,4) no se recomendó por parte de uno de ellos. Ya las puntuaciones de las directrices de chikungunya fueron bajas (medias variando de 2,2 a 3,0), independientemente del órgano que las elaboró. Los dominios con mayor conformidad fueron "clareza de la presentación" (media de 84,7%) y "alcance y propósito" (77,1%), mientras que los de menor conformidad fueron "independencia editorial" (5,2%) y "rigor en el desarrollo" (9,1%). El estudio identificó lagunas en la calidad metodológica de las directrices relacionadas, principalmente, respecto a la transparencia en los procesos de búsqueda, selección de las evidencias científicas y formulación de las recomendaciones, además de la falta de claridad respecto a la financiación y posibles conflictos de intereses.